Effects of multitasking on human physiological

Effects of multitasking on human physiological It is believed by scientists that rather than simultaneous attending to all tasks at once, what really happens during multitasking is a rapid change of focus between tasks. While research supports the fact that highly practiced skills can be easily performed while one is thinking about something else, but the addition of a task that requires decision making switches ones attention to that task. When people perform higher level tasks, they are using the cognitive function called executive control This function is housed in prefrontal cortex. The part of the brain associated with perception and thinking. Executive control is the brains supervisor for most cognitive functioning. It establishes priorities, decides what tasks are the most important, and assigns mental resources to completing the tasks. Executive control has 2 main activities: goal shifting and rule activation. Although these activities take only several tenths of a second, the repeated need to switch between tasks can add extra time for performing both tasks. Management of short term memory is another fundamental aspect of multitasking. C:UsersShreyaDesktopmultitasking flowchart_files2780600401001.png Factors affecting multitasking behaviours and information task switching. Brain: We are learning a lot more each day. Advance of brain imaging and functional brain imaging (what our brain does when we challenge it) has clarified us to what happens when we multitask. Our brains are not very adapted for multiple streams of information at the same time but rather focussing at a paticular direction. When we do things that require a great deal of attention as compared to walking while chewing gum what happens is we switch between two things. And with each switch there is cost of performance that occurs. A surprising discovery tells us that people who multitask most frequently think they are the best at it. But actually thay are the worst at any important task at multitasking. One might question then what are the so called multitaskers good at? A study revealed that when we talk on phone while driving we get better at it with time. What actually happens is that they filter out the road as they are involved in a conversation. As ironically high multitaskers are bad at filtering out the road actually see the road more and drive a little better. Swithching of attention occurs in a region right behind the forehead called Brodmanns Area 10 in the brains anterior prefrontal cortex as seen in MRI. Area 10 is part of the frontal lobes, which are important for maintaining long-term goals and achieving them . The most anterior part allows us to leave something when its incomplete and return to the same place and continue from there.This gives us a form of multitasking, which is actually sequential processing. Because the prefrontal cortex is one of the last regions of the brain to mature and one of the first to decline with aging, young children do not multitask well, and neither do most adults over 60. Addiction: Its our desire and need to be engaged to novelty, its well known that novel stimuli or enviorment arouse the reward system and this is part of what allowed us to be engaged by novelty. Multitasking has a higher novel load and to continiously switch to a new task feels exciting. This sort of interaction with multitasking leads to addictive levels in people. And people crave for this type of stimuli. Research reveals that most high multitaskers believe that new information is better than old information.Where as low multitaskers believe that the information they are working with is more valuable.It is seen that younger people look at information because they feel something thrilling is happening out there, for older people who check their e-mails dont want to get away. Stress and hormonal activity: Whenever demands exceed abilities, stress is bound to follow. Multitasking is espicially stressful when the tasks are important, as they often are on the job. Its said that brain responds to impossible demands by pumping out adrenaline and other stress hormones that put a person on edge. These hormoes provide a quick burst of energy wont make multitasking easier. Just like an old pickup cant go 150 miles per hour no matter how much fuel you put in he tank or how hard you step on the gas. Over time of stress of multitasking may even become dangerous. Results show that a steady flow stress hormones can strain the body and threaten the health. As recently reported by the American National Institute for Occupational Saftey and Health, numerous studies found out that on-the-job stress can cause headache, stomach problems and sleep disorders. Chronic work-related problems can lead to chronic problems includind back pain, hear disease and depression. Studies reveal that our bodies release hormone called cortisol during stress, caused due to multitasking. Cortisol is needed to carry out various functions in the body but incresed levels of cortisol results in high BP, sleep problems, weakness of immune system, imbalances in blood sugar levels etc. Thinking: Deep hard thinking, the type required when we write a paprer or read a complicated news story, has been tremendiously compromised . Multitasking either prevents you to do that or wonderfully allows us to avoid it. Hearing: Broadbents theory of selective attention, is based on his dichotic listening experiments that required his subjects to shadow speech messages in one ear while ignoring the messages in the other ear. Broadbent concluded that little if any content from the non attended ear is remembered. From these observations Broadbent proposed that there is limited porcessing channel that information is filtered through from a sensory porcessing stage on its way to a short-term memory store or buffer. From here information may be processed further before being transmitted into a long-term memory store. When this channel becomes over loaded, such as in dichotic listening experiments, some of the information is filtered out while other information is selected for further processing.The filtering mechanism selects inputs based on different physical cues from the stimulus input, such as location in space, and/or frequency. Vocal music can be distracting while instrumental music can aid in learning as it helps funnel out distractions in few people. Memory: Various experiments are conducted where participants are asked to learn a list of words presented visually while listening for the occurrence of certain digit strings presented through the adiutory channel. They are then tested for memory of the word list. Different variations have been investigated including different modalities, the same modalities, task difficulty, the effects of practice, the effects of eother primary or secondary task on performance, and testing during encoding and reterival. Almost without exception performance on one or both tasks suffers a decrement as a direct result of having to perform the two tasks simultaneously. Beeps in study disrupted declerative memory (eg. When we recall what we did last weekend).For tasks performed with distractions hippocampus of the barin was not involved (necessay for processing, storing and recalling information. But infact the straitum was involved. Straitum is a part of brain system that underlies our ability to mearn new skills. Multitasking makes it more likely to rely on striatum to learn. Thus multitasking changes the way people think. Vision: In an investigation performed by Australian College of Road Saftey interaction between visual impairment and multitasking was performed. It revealed that multitasking (like talking on the phone or using in-vehicle navigational devices) had a significant detrimental impact upon driving performances. Multi-tasking further exacerbated the effects of visual impairment, where the visual dual task had a greater detrimental effect on driving performance than the auditory dual task (p Motor activity: An experiment was performed to find out the effects of multitasking on muscle activity . Muscles of the upper extremity were examined.The thesis inspected concurrent grip and shoulder extensions with additional and simultaneous demands of task precision and mental processing. It concluded that incerased mental loads, when combined with physical work, have the potential to interfere with task performance and likely elicit elevated levels of muscle activity. Some research shows the relationship between stimulation and performance forms a bellcurve: a little stimulationwhether its coffee or a blaring soundtrackcan boostperformance, but too much is stressful and causes a fall-off.

Year 12 End of year Project †Attributes of God

There are two main views of what it means to say that God is eternal: 1. God is timeless, he is outside time and not bound by time; God is the creator of time. 2. God is everlasting, he moves along the same timeline that we do but never begins or ends. The past is the past for God as well as for us and the future is unknown to us and is also to some extent unknown to God because it has not happened yet. Our understanding of what it means for God to be eternal is important because it affects many other attributes of God for example, God is omniscient – can God really know the details of events which have not yet happened? the problem of evil – if God can see the whole picture from the beginning can he be partly to blame for things being the way they are? And God is omnipotent – can God change the past and undo events which have already happened or is that beyond his power? The view that God is timeless has been very popular among Christian thinkers for example, An selm, Augustine, Boethius and Aquinas. God being timeless is the idea that God exists outside time, and can see the past present and future with perfect knowledge. Time is argued as an aspect of creation like space, and God is in control of it. God is not bound by space; he can be and is everywhere at once. In the same way God is not bound by time but exists in every part of history and every part of the future while being present in the world today. This view of God being timeless is popular because it shows that God is not limited. As an aspect of creation, time is something introduced by God rather than something God is dependent on. God’s omnipotence is not threatened if God is not bound by the restrictions of time – perhaps a God who could not know the future would be less powerful than one who could. It is a view that God is unchangeable (immutable), which is argued to be a necessary part of God. People who don’t like the idea of God being everlasting argue that if God was bound by time then he would be much more limited. He would not know what the outcomes of actions might be; he would have to wait and see how events turned out before he decided what to do next. If this was true God’s omnipotence and omniscience would be reduced to the point where God could hardly be called all-powerful and all-knowing. Those who defend the view that God is outside time argue that other concepts of God’s relationship with time do not recognise the uniqueness of God. God can bring events in time and can cause changes in people without being changed himself, because God is not a person in the same way we are. There are things which are possible for God, because of the unique nature of his existence, even if we may not be able to see how they could be possible from within our limited understanding. Other people have raised objections to the view that God is timeless, saying it creates more problems than it resolves. It has been argued that if God is timeless and unchangeable then God cannot be a person, or be said to have a ‘life’. A person with a life has to be changeable in order to have relationships and respond to people according to what they do. A timeless God would not be able to love because a timeless God is immutable and therefore is not affected by anything. Jurgen Moltmann and Charles Hartshorne argued that love cannot be compatible with immutability. A loving being responds to the object of his/her love. If the loved one is feeling happy, the one who shared that love is in that happiness too; if the loved one suffers, then the one who loves feels pain too. But these feelings change/happen within time. Therefore God has to exist within time, so that God is able to respond to us through love. If there is a living God who has relationships with people as individuals then it is argued that God cannot also be timeless. Richard Swinburne writes that the view of a timeless God contradicts the Bible: ‘If God had thus fixed his intentions ‘from all eternity’ he would be a very lifeless thing†¦Yet, the God of the Old Testament is a God in continual interaction with men†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Swinburne argues that the view of God outside time is one which is not biblical but which has entered Christian thinking through the influence of ancient Greeks, and then re-enforced by Thomas Aquinas. Swinburne does not see why a perfect being should have to be changeless; it was Plato who planted the idea about a world that was unchanging but do we have to accept Plato’s ideas? In the Bible, Swinburne argues God does not have fixed purposes for all eternity. He does not intend for all of time to have something happening which is then unchangeable. God interacts with people and his decisions about what will happen may change because of the on-going process of his relationship with individuals. A biblical example of this is Hezekiah’s illness when he prays to God and God gives him another fifteen years of life. Perhaps, Swinburne was right and that God does have plans but was persuaded to change his mind. However, there are passages that suggest God has fixed intentions which do not change. Unlike humanity, God knows with perfect knowledge what he will do and has no need to alter his views. Augustine considered the question of whether the Bible supports the idea of a God who is timeless or a God who is everlasting and reached the opposite conclusion to Swinburne. For Augustine, the problem was that God had made the world at a particular point in time, which raised the issue of what God had been doing all the time beforehand. Augustine wondered why, if God was everlasting, he picked a particular moment to create the universe, and how God might have been spending his time before the universe existed. For Augustine, the biblical account of creation points towards a timeless God, who chooses to create day and night and chooses to create the seasons but who transcends ideas of ‘before’ and ‘after’.

Essay about Communication Theory - 760 Words

Background and History With the advent of WWII, the idea of effectively communicating ideas to the masses moved to the forefront of research in the United States. Wilbur Schramm, considered by many to be the founder of communications as a field of study, served as the director of the Office of Facts and Figures and the Office of War Information in Washington, D.C. in the early forties. It was during these years, that he formed his vision of communication study (Rogers, 1994). Later, he would found the first doctoral program in communications. While Schramm clearly founded communication studies, Claude E. Shannon proved to be the key theorist, conceptualizing the theory in the late 1940s that remains central to communication study†¦show more content†¦Shannons concept was quickly adopted by researchers in various disciplines and applies to computer science, physics, molecular biology and biotechnology, psychology, linguistics and communications. Following the publication of Shannon and Weavers book, hundreds of schools of communication were started at U.S. universities and around the world (Rogers, 1994). Communication Theory and Human Interactions: an Adaptation of Shannons Model Shannon clearly designed his theory as a mathematical model that does not take human emotions and experiences into account (Rogers, 1994). However, communication scholars immediately applied the theory to human interaction. Schramm adapted the model to deal with the concern of communication, reception, and interpretation of meaningful symbols--processes at the heart of instruction (Heinich, Molenda, Russell Smaldino, 1996). Schramm emphasized that communication cannot occur unless the field of experiences of the sender and receiver overlap, in order to challenge and extend the knowledge of the receiver (Heinich, et.al., 1996). 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Bayview University Essay - 1528 Words

Introduction Due to the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, a large number of Wall Street executives, financial managers and other corporate officers were accused of their unethical behavior. At the same time, some people pointed that cheating had become more prevalent among business students. An article reported that 56% of business students admitted that they had cheated when they were studying in school, but only 47% of nonbusiness students admitted to cheating when they were students. The same type of debate occurred in the Bayview University as well, so the dean decided to run a test to see what the results would look like. In this case, 90 students were chosen to answer the quiz which was used to obtain results regarding three†¦show more content†¦In my opinion, I suggest the dean take some necessary measures to prevent cheating, such as infusing academic integrity into the fabric of the university, developing student character and integrity, and reducing temptations and oppo rtunities for cheating. Appendix Table 2 Quiz statistics results for male students Males | Internet | Exam | Collaborated | cheater | Y | 16 | 9 | 13 | 27 | N | 31 | 38 | 34 | 20 | Total | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | P(Y) | 34% | 19.1% | 27.7% | 57% | P(N) | 66% | 80.9% | 72.3% | 43% | Table 3 Quiz statistics results for female students Females | Internet | Exam | Collaborated | cheater | Y | 7 | 7 | 10 | 21 | N | 36 | 36 | 33 | 22 | Total | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | P(Y) | 16% | 16% | 23% | 49% | P(N) | 84% | 84% | 77% | 51% | Sample Data Student | Copied from Internet | Copied on Exam | Collaborated on Individual Project | Gender | C | 4 | No | No | No | Female | 0 | 5 | Yes | No | Yes | Female | 1 | 8 | No | No | No | Female | 0 | 10 | No | Yes | No | Female | 1 | 13 | No | No | No | Female | 0 | 15 | No | No | Yes | Female | 1 | 19 | No | No | No | Female | 0 | 20 | No | No | Yes | Female | 1 | 21 | No | Yes | No | Female | 1 | 23 | No | No | No | Female | 0 | 25 | No | Yes | No | Female | 1 | 26 | No | No | No | Female | 0 | 27 | No | No | No | Female | 0 | 28 | No | No | No | Female | 0 | 30 | No | Yes | No | Female | 1 | 32 | No | No | Yes | Female | 1 | 33 | No | NoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ethical Behavior of Business Students at Bayview University601 Words   |  3 PagesCase Problem 2 Ethical Behavior of Business students at Bayview University All | Internet | Exam | Collaborated | Cheater | Y | 23 | 16 | 23 | 48 | N | 67 | 74 | 67 | 42 | Total | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | Proportion Y | 25.6% | 17.8% | 25.6% | 53% | Proportion N | 74.4% | 82.2% | 74.4% | 47% | | | | | | | | Male | Internet | Exam | Collaborated | Cheater | Y | 16 | 9 | 13 | 27 | N | 31 | 38 | 34 | 20 | Total | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | Proportion Y | 34.0% | 19.1% | 27.7%Read MoreThe Academic Journey Of The Field Of Recreation And Leisure876 Words   |  4 PagesSpecialization in TR differentiate itself form this competing plethora of similar disciplines and what, if anything, can the University do? 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This was a very big problem during jim Crow era it was slowly settled by the integration of public schools. Today it is another arising problem in the bayview community in a different form; our public schools our now lacking in the proper teaching skills to teach minority students. We consider students who go to MLK middle school, Visitation Valley and June Jordan high school average students who need toRead MoreCase Study : Shouldice Hospital Limited1116 Words   |  5 Pagesgrowth? †¢ Submit your completed assignment to the drop box below. Please check the Course Keywords: Case Study, Shouldice Hospital Limited Case Study 10 - Shouldice Hospital Limited Introduction Dr. Edward Earle Shouldice graduated from the University of Toronto in 1916 and at the time of World War II, he was requested to provide his services on the Medical Examining Board. 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